Revision on relativity and electromagnetism.
Introduction to particle accelerators. 1- A few basic facts on accelerators. 2- Transverse particle motion. 3- RF acceleration. 4- Longitudinal particle motions. 5- basics of beam diagnostics. 7- Basics of collective forces and instabilities.
Charged particle optics
1- Recalls on matrix optics and useful formulas.
2- Recalls on emittance transport; collimators.
3- Electrostatic lenses: how they work; how they are built; how to calculate them.
4- Magnetic and electrostatic quadrupoles.
5- Some properties of quadrupoles: single quadrupole as a thin lens, doublets, triplets.
Transverse beam dynamics.
1- The Ideal Storage Ring: Lorentz force and particle momentum - define the magnetic guide field,
focusing elements and the equation of motion, single particle trajectories, matrix description of lattice elements.
2- Particle Trajectories in a Circular Accelerator: Beam orbit, transverse particle oscillation and tune,
defining the beam size, general solution of the equation of motion: the amplitude betatron function,
phase space area of a particle ensemble: the beam emittance, stability criterion in periodic structures.
3- Lattice Design in Particle Accelerators: calculation of the optical parameters, FoDo cells: design and optimisation,
interaction regions: the low beta insertion.
4- Changing the Particle Momentum: beam acceleration and adiabatic shrinking of the emittance,
dispersion trajectories, orbit lengthening and the momentum compaction factor.
5- Errors in Field and Gradient: Quadrupole errors and tune shift, chromaticity
and its correction, sextupole magnets and the dynamic aperture.
Longitudinal beam dynamics.
1- Fields and forces;
acceleration by time varying fields; relativistic equations. 2- Overview of acceleration; transit time factor; main RF
parameters; momentum compaction factor; transition energy. 3- Equations related to synchrotron; synchronous particle;
synchrotron oscillations; principle of phase stability. 4- RF acceleration for synchronous and for non-synchronous
particle; small amplitude oscillations. 5- Oscillations with Hamiltonian formalism; canonically conjugate variables;
limits of stable region; adiabatic damping. Prerequisites: classical mechanics and
electromagnetism.
Linear imperfections and non-linear resonances .
1- Introduction and short summary of
linear optics 2- Linear imperfections: from one single Dipole error in an otherwise
perfect machine to many kicks with a random kick distribution; origins and
effects of Dipole errors and quadrupole alignments in the machine (aperture,
coupling and beam energy); correction of the orbit;
orbit bumps; single quadrupole error; multiple quadrupole errors. 3- Non-linear
imperfections: sextupole magnets and chromaticity; summary of Hamiltonian
dynamics and short introduction to perturbation theory; a single octupole
field error in a perfect machine; a single sextupole field error in a
perfect machine; combined effect of sextupole and octupole field errors with
application to slow extraction procedures.
Linear accelerators.
1- Basic methods of linear acceleration
2- Fundamental parameters of accelerating structures
3- Energy gain in linear accelerating structures
4- Single particle dynamics in linear accelerators
5- Multi-particle dynamics in linear accelerators.
Prerequisites: general mechanics, Maxwell equations, relativistic dynamics in magnetic and
electric fields, maths for physicists and engineers (Fourier transform, Bessel functions...)
Cyclotrons.
1- Introduction and principle
2- Basic equations
3- Cyclotron components and subsystems
4- Beam dynamics, stability and focusing
5- Beam quality and phase space
6- Extraction
7- History and applications.
Synchrotron radiation.
1- Introduction to electromagnetic radiation
2- Electromagnetic waves
3- Electromagnetic radiation
4- Radiation of accelerated charged particles
5- Electron dynamics with radiation
6- Low emittance lattices
7- Summary and outlook.
Injection and extraction.
1- Injection; single-turn injection, off-axis injection, injection into the longitudinal phase
space, phase space matching, topping-up.
2- Extraction; fast extraction, resonant extraction. 3- Septum and kicker magnets.
Space charge and instabilities .
1- Accelerator model
2- Space charge effects
3- Wake fields and potentials
4- Effects in a linear accelerator
5- Coasting beams in accelerator rings
6- Bunched beams in accelerator rings.
Prerequisites: 1- maths: differential equations and Fourier transform. 2- mechanics: free and driven
oscillators. 3- basic electromagnetism and boundary conditions. Introduction to accelerators and components.
Radio-frequency engineering.
1- Circuit theory: Propagation of electromagnetic
waves on transmission lines; Smith chart; scattering matrix; impedance transformations by transmission lines.
2- RF cavities: theory and practice (equivalent lumped circuit, Maxwell's equations, cavity modes, scaling law, coupling,
tuning, multipactor, voltage breakdown, measurements).
3- Active elements (transistors, tubes, klystrons).
Prerequisites: knowledge of basic mathematics, equipment (pocket calculator) to carry out numerical
calculations involving complex quantities..
Introduction to vacuum physics and technology.
1- The basics of vacuum science and technology; physical units; kinetic theory of gases;
gas flow and pressure distribution calculations in complex vacuum
systems.
2- The fundamentals of gas-surface interactions leading to outgassing, physisorption, chemisorption,
diffusion of gases in solids and surface phenomena.
3- Dynamic outgassing under particle bombardment.
4- Vacuum
systems, usual materials and components; surface and bulk cleanliness definitions; diagnostics and preparation
treatments.
5- Pumps, gauges, gas analysers, leak detectors.
6- Specificities of accelerator vacuum systems, lumped
versus distributed pumping devices, and general review of beam-vacuum interactions and related problems.
Prerequisites: none
RF Quadrupoles.
History- What is an RFQ?- Designing an RFQ- Pros and cons,
interesting effects.
Prerequisites:
1- matrix calculus, differential equations (useful but not mandatory).
2- electromagnetism up to physics 1st level of university.
3- a rough idea of what is an accelerator.
Design of accelerator magnets
.
1- Computational methods for accelerator
magnets. Differences between conventional magnets and superconducting magnets from the
design point of view. The LHC magnets. The ROXIE program. Integrated design
of superconducting magnets.
2- Foundations of electromagnetic field theory. The solution of the Laplace
and Poisson equations. Analytical methods for conventional magnets.
Permanent magnet excitations. Field quality in accelerator magnets.
The generation of pure multipole fields. Limitations of the
analytical methods.
3- Principles of numerical field computations. The weak formulation. Finite element
methods. Mesh generation. The boundary element method. The BEM-FEM coupling method. Quench
calculation. Persistent currents in superconducting magnets.
4- Mathematical optimization techniques. The objective conflict.
Pareto-optimality. Deterministic methods. Genetic algorithms.
The integrated design process using the CERN field computation program ROXIE.
Prerequisites:1- understanding of standard
electricity and magnetism up to physics 1st degree i.e. of Maxwell equations and associated basics. 2- Calculus at 1st
year university maths level, and recommended, understanding of vector calculus and complex number theory at 1st/2nd
year university maths.
Superconducting magnets.
1- Fields, forces and degraded performances in magnets,
2- Flux jumping, magnetization and AC losses,
3- Quenching and magnet protection,
4- Manufacture, current supply and measurement,
Superconducting RF cavities. 1- Surface resistance and field limitations: Multipacting, quenches, field emission. 2-
Superconducting cavity design: Optimal shape, tuning, field flatness, coupling ports; Lorentz force detuning and
instabilities; Fabrication techniques; Measurement techniques. 3- Superconducting cavity and its RF system: Coupling
to a matched line, external Q; Resonant coupling; Main and HOM couplers; RF power and system stability. 4- Typical
applications: Electron machines, high field, high current; Low and reduced beta cavities for linacs.
Beam instrumentation and diagnostics
The course gives an overview of the
most frequently used beam diagnostics instruments at electron and proton
accelerators, putting about equal weight to LINACs and synchrotrons. In
addition, some applications for their use during operation and accelerator
physics investigation are discussed. Electron sources.
1- History 2- Electron emission
processes 3- Thermoionic guns 4- RF guns 5- Perspectives.
Ion sources. 1-
Plasma physic and ionisation processes. 2- Ion beam formation and properties of particule beams. 3- Sources of
monocharged positive ions. 4- Sources of multicharged ions: Laser, EBIS and ECRIS. 5- Sources of negative ions: H- and
sources for Tamdem. 6- Spécial particule sources : antiproton, polarised and radioactive isotopes. 7- Matching to
accelerators: low energy beam transport. Prerequisites: none
Radiation and safety.
1- Basic principles of
radiation physics and radiation protection rules: the different ionizing radiation sources of importance around
accelerators and their interactions with matter; the shielding of electron accelerators, proton accelerators and
synchrotron beamlines; radiation monitoring.2- Personnel safety systems 3- Classical safety hazards.
Prerequisites:knowledge of basic mathematics; basic knowledge about accelerators.
Low-energy electron
accelerators and their applications
1- Physical, (bio-)chemical and
economic principles of the application of low-energy
electron accelerators in medicine and industry. 2- Accelerator types, components, dosimetry. 3- Electron accelerators
for medicine: radiation therapy. 4- Electron accelerators for radiation processing: polymer chemistry, sterilisation,
food processing, environmental waste treatment, radiography. 5- Compact synchrotron light sources: X-ray lithography
and micromachining.
Applications and basic principles of high power proton accelerator.
High power proton beams are needed in a large variety of applications:
production of exotic nucleus, of muons, of tritium... The basic principles
of the accelerator, generaly linac, providing this type of beam as well as
its main challenge will be discussed.
Machine trends in hadrontherapy.
Reasons and explanations for: - the
types of particles chosen; - the types of accelerator chosen; -
the secrets of slow extraction from synchrotrons; - the special features of the beam transport for the slow extracted
beam; - the underlying principles of gantry design; - the hidden complexities of beam delivery..
Course descriptions - Accelerator Technologies and Applications
Electomagnetic Design and Mathematical Optimization Methods in Magnet Technology.
The outline of the talk is orientated on the beam quantities: 1- Beam
current measurements using transformers, Faraday cups and particle detectors
2- Beam profile measurements using various methods, like scintillators
screens, SEM-grids, wire scanners, residual gas monitors and synchrotron
radiation 3- Transverse emittance measurements with slit-grid devices or
reconstruction using quadrupole variation 4- The principle of rf pick-ups
for beam position measurements as well as tune or other lattice function
determinations 5- Longitudinal measurements of momentum spread and bunch
structure using picks-ups, particle detectors or synchrotron radiation 6-
Schottky noise analysis for momentum spread and tune determination 7- Beam
loss detection for beam alignment and machine protection.
Prerequisites: A good knowledge of general physics is needed, as well as the
basics in accelerator theory. The first year university mathematics is
presumed, including matrix calculus, Fourier transformation and complex
numbers. Only basic knowledge of detector physics, high frequency
technologies and electronics is needed, more complex devices will be
discussed.
Location of the lecture notes